soutrik

I suggest you to begin with python. C or C++, though very powerful languages, may pose problems to beginners. Happy coding!

You can study from MIT OCW or lectures from other universities. Apart from that, there are many lecture notes available. You can also study The Algorithm Design Manual by Prof. Steven S Skiena.

Start learning a programming language like Python, C etc and grab a good book on algorithms. For example, you may read the book by Cormen et al. and start implementing the algorithms in that programming language.

I think it will be better for you if you read a book on C. For example, you can read The C Programming Language by K & R. There are other books also. These books have code examples for you to understand better.

I think one of the best books for learning OOPS is Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications by Booch et al. It may take a fair amount of time but investing the time is worth it.

There is no such data structure that can be applied to all the situations.You have to select the data structure based upon the situation.

Kernels are mainly of two types-Monolithic kernel and microkernel and shell is a command interpreter.There are several shells available such as Bash,korn,c etc.

Go through any standard textbook like Cormen and grab the concept.You may also consult the Bible of algorithms-Donald E Knuth.